In the fast-paced city life, electric scooters have become the preferred mode of transportation for many. Lithium batteries, as their core power source, not only determine the range but also affect overall safety and performance. This article will start with the basics, combining authoritative data and practical examples to help you fully understand the selection, use, and maintenance of lithium batteries for electric scooters. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced user, this brief introduction will help you ride your scooter more intelligently.
Basic knowledge of lithium batteries: What is a lithium-ion battery?
Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries that store and release electrical energy by moving lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes. They are lighter and more efficient than traditional lead-acid batteries, with an energy density of 200-300 Wh/kg, which enables electric scooters to achieve longer range.
Common voltage specifications：
24V: Commonly found in mini portable models and children's scooters, with power ≤250W and short range (10-20km), suitable for short commutes.
36V: The most mainstream specification, covering most adult commuter models, with power 350-500W and range 20-40km, balancing power, range, and safety.
48V: Mid-to-high-end commuter/light off-road models, with power 500-800W and range 30-60km, offering stronger power and suitable for climbing hills or long-distance travel.
60V: Exclusively for high-power off-road models, with power ≥800W, offering strong power, but with higher compliance and safety requirements, rarely seen in daily commutes.
Main classification: Based on cathode material：
| type | Cathode material | Voltage | Cycle life | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Cobalt-based lithium-ion batteries | LiCoO₂ | 3.7V | 500～1000 ycle life | High volumetric energy density and stable discharge | Poor safety, short cycle life (≈500 times), and high cost |
| Manganese-based lithium-ion batteries | MnO 2 | 3.7V | 300～700 ycle life |
High safety Fast charging and fast discharging capabilities |
Poor cycling stability and performance at high temperature |
| Iron-phosphate lithium-ion batteries | LiFePO₄ | 3.2V | 1000～2000 ycle life |
Extremely high safety (thermal runaway temperature > 500℃), long lifespan (cycles > 2000), and low cost. |
Low energy density (≈150-180Wh/kg) and poor low-temperature performance |
| Ternary lithium-ion batteries | Ni-Co-Mn(NCM)/Ni-Co-Al(NCA) | 3.6V | 1000～2000 ycle life | High energy density (≥200Wh/kg) and long battery life | Low safety (prone to thermal runaway at high temperatures) and high cost |
Working Principle: The "Round Trip Migration" of Lithium Ions
The charging and discharging process of a lithium-ion battery is essentially the reversible insertion/extraction of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes, and the directional flow of electrons in the external circuit. Specifically, it consists of two stages:
1. Charging Process (Electrical Energy → Chemical Energy)
An external power source provides voltage, and electrons flow from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the external circuit (current direction is reversed);
The positive electrode material (e.g., LiCoO₂) undergoes a "delithiation reaction," releasing lithium ions (Li⁺);
Li⁺ migrates through the electrolyte and separator to the negative electrode and is "intercalated" into the crystal lattice of the negative electrode material (e.g., graphite);
Finally, chemical energy is stored in the form of "Li⁺ intercalation into the negative electrode," and the battery is fully charged.
2. Discharge Process (Chemical Energy → Electrical Energy) An external circuit connects to a load (such as a mobile phone or motor).
Li⁺, embedded in the negative electrode, "de-embeds" from the negative electrode and migrates back to the positive electrode through the electrolyte.
Simultaneously, electrons from the negative electrode flow to the positive electrode through the external circuit (powering the load).
After returning to the positive electrode, Li⁺ is re-embedded into the positive electrode material, completing one energy release cycle.
Common units:
1. Ah/mAh (Ampere-hours/milliampere-hours, 1000mAh=1Ah)
2. A (Ampere, unit of current, 1000mA=1A)
3. V (Volt, unit of voltage)
4. S (Number of lithium batteries in series)
5. P (Number of lithium batteries in parallel)
Series connection increases voltage, not current. Parallel connection increases current, not voltage.
Electric scooter lithium batteries mostly use 18650 or 21700 cylindrical cells. The nominal voltage of a single cell is 3.6V (4.2V fully charged, 2.5V discharge termination voltage).
The total voltage is determined by the number of cells in series: 36V = 10 cells in series (3.6V×10), 48V = 13 cells in series (3.6V×13), 24V = 7 cells in series (3.6V×7).
How to Choose the Right Lithium Battery for Your Electric Scooter?
When purchasing a lithium battery, prioritize capacity (Ah or Wh), brand, and certification. We recommend choosing batteries with UL 2272 certification to ensure safety.
Key Factors:
Capacity and Range: For daily commuting, choose a battery with a capacity of 300Wh or higher, which can provide a range of up to 30km.
Type: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) is suitable for beginners; lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries are thinner but require careful maintenance.
Price: High-quality batteries cost approximately 1000-2000 RMB. Avoid cheap, counterfeit products.
Maintenance Tips: Extending Lithium Battery Life
The average lifespan of a lithium battery is 300-500 charge cycles, equivalent to 2-3 years of use. To maximize lifespan, avoid deep discharge (keep the charge between 20%-80%) and store at room temperature (15-25°C).
Maintenance Tips:
Charging Habits: Use the original charger and avoid charging overnight.
Storage Recommendations: When not in use for extended periods, maintain a 50% charge level and check the battery every 3 months.
Regular Inspections: Observe the battery for swelling, leakage, or unusual odors.
Standard Size Parameter Table:
The following are common sizes; please contact customer service for custom sizes.
nominal voltage |
rated capacity |
size |
weight |
cycle life |
Charging cut- off voltage |
Discharging cut- off voltage |
Operating temperature |
storage temperature |
| 36V | 8Ah | 205x60x70mm | 1.6KG | 1200 cycle life | 42V | 27.5V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 36V | 10Ah | 205x93x70mm | 2.1KG | 1200 cycle life | 42V | 27.5V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 36V | 14Ah | 210x107x70mm | 2.65KG | 1200 cycle life | 42V | 27.5V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 36V | 20Ah | 210x138x70mm | 3.7KG | 1200 cycle life | 42V | 27.5V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 48V | 8Ah | 266x72x70mm | 2.05KG | 1200 cycle life | 54.6V | 35.75V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 48V | 10Ah | 255x93x70mm | 2.7KG | 1200 cycle life | 54.6V | 35.75V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 48V | 14Ah | 270x107x70mm | 3.45KG | 1200 cycle life | 54.6V | 35.75V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
| 48V | 20Ah | 270x140x70mm | 4.75KG | 1200 cycle life | 54.6V | 35.75V | -20℃~60℃ | -10℃~45℃ |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How long does a lithium battery for an electric scooter last?
Lithium batteries typically last 300-500 charge cycles, approximately 2-3 years, depending on usage frequency.
How to safely charge a lithium battery for an electric scooter?
Use the original charger, charge in a well-ventilated area, and avoid leaving it unattended overnight.
What to do if the lithium battery in your electric scooter is damaged?
Check for swelling or unusual odors. Stop using the scooter immediately and contact a professional repair or recycling service.
Conclusion: Embrace Green Mobility
Lithium batteries make electric scooters more efficient and environmentally friendly. This article has provided you with essential knowledge on choosing and maintaining them. Remember, safety and maintenance are key; choose certified products and enjoy a sustainable lifestyle.
